Potential Role Of Competition Research Articles

Parasite escape mechanisms drive morphological diversification in avian lice.

Organisms that have repeatedly evolved similar morphologies owing to the same selective pressures provide excellent cases in which to examine specific morphological changes and their relevance to the ecology and evolution of taxa. Hosts of permanent parasites act as an independent evolutionary experiment, as parasites on these hosts are thought to be undergoing similar selective pressures. Parasitic feather lice have repeatedly diversified into convergent ecomorphs in different microhabitats on their avian hosts. We quantified specific morphological characters to determine (i) which traits are associated with each ecomorph, (ii) the quantitative differences between these ecomorphs, and (iii) if there is evidence of displacement among co-occurring lice as might be expected under louse-louse competition on the host. We used nano-computed tomography scan data of 89 specimens, belonging to four repeatedly evolved ecomorphs, to examine their mandibular muscle volume, limb length and three-dimensional head shape data. Here, we find evidence that lice repeatedly evolve similar morphologies as a mechanism to escape host defences, but also diverge into different ecomorphs related to the way they escape these defences. Lice that co-occur with other genera on a host exhibit greater morphological divergence, indicating a potential role of competition in evolutionary divergence.

The efficiency of Italian secondary schools and the potential role of competition: a data envelopment analysis using OECD-PISA2006 data

In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to compute efficiency scores for a sample of Italian schools by employing OECD-PISA2006 data aggregated at school level. Efficiency has been defined as the ability to transform inputs (resources, student background, etc.) into outputs (student achievement). Different versions of the DEA models were estimated to test result robustness, including a DEA bootstrapping procedure. In a second-stage analysis, the factors affecting school efficiency are investigated through a Tobit regression. Among these factors, alternative indicators of competition were included. The results show that at least one indicator of competition is statistically associated with higher performances of schools, suggesting that there is a potential role for improving school results by increasing the number of schools competing each other. These findings are consistent with a previous analysis conducted on the same dataset by estimating an educational production function. Policy implications are presented in the last part of the study.

Does Ibuprofen Increase Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ibuprofen exposure was associated with increased hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants. Since 2000, ibuprofen has been administered to all infants at <30 weeks of gestation who are admitted to our unit, to prevent patent ductus arteriosus. We retrospectively compared data for 418 infants subjected to ibuprofen prophylaxis (2000-2007) and 288 infants not exposed to ibuprofen (1993-1999). The ibuprofen group had a significantly higher peak total serum bilirubin level (9.0 +/- 2.5 mg/dL vs 7.3 +/- 3.3 mg/dL), more need for phototherapy (398 infants [95%] vs 254 infants [87.6%]), and a longer phototherapy duration (94.3 +/- 43.6 hours vs 87.2 +/- 38.6 hours). Groups did not differ with respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender ratio, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency incidence, or hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL) incidence. Hemolytic isoimmunization was diagnosed with similar incidences (no-ibuprofen group: 7 of 288 infants; ibuprofen group: 8 of 418 infants). The rates of exchange-transfusion also were similar between the groups (no-ibuprofen group: 14 infants [4.8%]; ibuprofen group: 19 infants [4.5%]). Ibuprofen administration was associated with higher peak total serum bilirubin levels, and the more-pronounced hyperbilirubinemia led to longer phototherapy. The potential role of competition between ibuprofen and bilirubin in the hepatic glucuronidation pathway is discussed.

Limits to elevational distributions in two species of emberizine finches: disentangling the role of interspecific competition, autoecology, and geographic variation in the environment

When species’ elevational ranges are wider where putative competitors are absent, researchers have concluded that interspecific competition influences elevational distributions. This overlooks the distinction between factors that limit distributions directly and factors that only influence organisms indirectly through covarying regulators or resources. Because elevation affects organisms indirectly, testing whether competition influences elevational ranges relies on the heretofore untested assumption that the relationship between elevation and factors influencing organisms directly is similar across geography. Focusing on Buarremon brush-finches (Aves: Emberizidae), a group in which distributions represent one of the best examples of the potential role of competition limiting elevational ranges, we show that when distributions are compared along axes of climatic variation, some patterns of elevational range variation do appear to be consistent with predictions of the hypothesis that release from competition underlies expanded elevational ranges in allopatry. However, other patterns of expanded elevational ranges in the absence of putative competitors are better explained by hypothesis related to species’ autoecology and geographic variation in the environment. This latter finding cautions against using elevation uncritically as a dimension of ecological niches, and suggests that classical examples of interspecific competition may need re-evaluation.

Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interactions: the potential role of competition.

Many mutualisms host "exploiter" species that consume the benefits provided by one or both mutualists without reciprocating. Exploiters have been widely assumed to destabilize mutualisms, yet they are common. We develop models to explore conditions for local coexistence of obligate plant/pollinating seed parasite mutualisms and nonpollinating exploiters. As the larvae of both pollinators and (at a later time) exploiters consume seeds, we examine the importance of intraspecific and (asymmetric) interspecific competition among and between pollinators and exploiters for achieving three-way coexistence. With weak intra- and interspecific competition, exploiters can invade the stable mutualism and coexist with the mutualists (either stably or with oscillations), provided the exploiters' intrinsic birthrate (b(E)) slightly exceeds that of the pollinators. At higher b(E), all three species go locally extinct. When facing strong interspecific competition, exploiters cannot invade and coexist with the mutualists if intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters is weak. However, strong intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters facilitates exploiter invasion and coexistence and greatly expands the range of b(E) over which stable coexistence occurs. Our results suggest that mutualist/exploiter coexistence may be more easily achieved than previously thought, thus highlighting the need for a better understanding of competition among and between mutualists and exploiters.

Organizing vertical markets: the Italtel case

In recent years, supply relationships have undergone a process of change which the authors interpret as the transition from an adversarial model of vertical relations regulated by the invisible hand of market competition, to one based on cooperation and organized by the visible hand of the buyer. The term “organized vertical market” is proposed for this model. The incentivesto collaboration and the role of potential competition and reputation earned from past behaviour in deterring opportunism are highlighted. In the empirical section, the study considers the evolution of supply relations of Italtel, the leading Italian firm in the telecommunication equipment industry. Qualitative and quantitative evidence in support of the authors’ view is provided. The findings of the empirical analysis suggest that the changes in Italtel’s supply relations indicate the gradual and still in part incomplete transition towards the organized vertical market.

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A Simple, Stable Model of Mutualism Incorporating Handling Time

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsA Simple, Stable Model of Mutualism Incorporating Handling TimeDavid Hamilton WrightDavid Hamilton Wright Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 134, Number 4Oct., 1989 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/285003 Views: 27Total views on this site Citations: 64Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Shohei Kawata, Gaku Takimoto Pollinator predation stabilizes plant–pollinator mutualisms through the modification of pollinator behavior, Ecological Research 38, no.22 (Dec 2022): 360–366.https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12376Fengde Chen, Zhong Li, Lijuan Chen Dynamic Behaviors of a Stage Structure Commensalism System with Holling type II Commensalistic Benefits, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICS 21 (Dec 2022): 810–824.https://doi.org/10.37394/23206.2022.21.93Xu Li Stationary distribution and ergodicity of stochastic Wright's mutualism model with regime switching, Stat 11, no.11 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/sta4.440Luciano Stucchi, Javier Galeano, Juan Manuel Pastor, Jose María Iriondo, José A. 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The Role of Potential Competition in Industrial Organization

Potential competition is important as a mechanism to control market power. I assess the strengths and limitations of alternative theories of potential competition by examining the available theoretical, empirical and institutional knowledge. I consider four major schools of thought: the traditional model of limit pricing, dynamic limit pricing, the theory of contestable markets, and the market efficiency model. Traditional limit pricing models rest on the assumption that firms respond to entry but are able to earn persistent profits when the structural characteristics of markets make entry difficult. Dynamic limit pricing is similar, but emphasizes that markets can only be temporarily protected from entry. Contestability theory, in its pure form, asserts that potential competition is as effective as actual competition in controlling market performance. The efficient markets hypothesis, broadly interpreted, states that markets are workably competitive and that the market structure reflects differential efficiency, not strategic behavior.

Dynamics of Ecologically Obligate Mutualisms-Effects of Spatial Diffusion on Resilience of the Interacting Species

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsDynamics of Ecologically Obligate Mutualisms-Effects of Spatial Diffusion on Resilience of the Interacting SpeciesVivian Hutson, Richard Law, and David LewisVivian Hutson Search for more articles by this author , Richard Law Search for more articles by this author , and David Lewis Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 126, Number 3Sep., 1985 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/284431 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 11Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:William Godsoe, Nathaniel J. Holland, Chris Cosner, Bruce E. Kendall, Angela Brett, Jill Jankowski, Robert D. Holt Interspecific interactions and range limits: contrasts among interaction types, Theoretical Ecology 10, no.22 (Nov 2016): 167–179.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12080-016-0319-7Marissa L. Baskett, Anne K. Salomon Recruitment facilitation can drive alternative states on temperate reefs, Ecology 91, no.66 (Jun 2010): 1763–1773.https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0515.1ANDREW R. THOMPSON, ROGER M. NISBET, RUSSELL J. SCHMITT Dynamics of mutualist populations that are demographically open, Journal of Animal Ecology 75, no.66 (Nov 2006): 1239–1251.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01145.xAndrew R. Thompson Dynamics of demographically open mutualists: immigration, intraspecific competition, and predation impact goby populations, Oecologia 143, no.11 (Dec 2004): 61–69.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1775-0Priyanga Amarasekare Spatial dynamics of mutualistic interactions, Journal of Animal Ecology 73, no.11 (Jan 2004): 128–142.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-8790.2004.00788.x William F. Morris , Judith L. Bronstein , and William G. Wilson Three‐Way Coexistence in Obligate Mutualist‐Exploiter Interactions: The Potential Role of Competition. W. F. Morris et al., The American Naturalist 161, no.66 (Jul 2015): 860–875.https://doi.org/10.1086/375175Vivian Hutson, Konstantin Mischaikow Singular limits for travelling waves for a pair of equations, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 126, no.22 (Nov 2011): 399–411.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0308210500022812Walter K. Dodds, Geoffrey M. Henebry Simulation of responses of community structure to species interactions driven by phenotypic change, Ecological Modelling 79, no.1-31-3 (May 1995): 85–94.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(94)00030-L Judith L. Bronstein Our Current Understanding of Mutualism, The Quarterly Review of Biology 69, no.11 (Oct 2015): 31–51.https://doi.org/10.1086/418432Konstantin Mischaikow, Vivian Hutson Travelling Waves for Mutualist Species, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 24, no.44 (Jul 1993): 987–1008.https://doi.org/10.1137/0524059Tamas Czaran, Sándor Bartha Spatiotemporal dynamic models of plant populations and communities, Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, no.22 (Feb 1992): 38–42.https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90103-I